ABSTRACT
A large longitudinal study on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in children is limited. This large-scale longitudinal observational study examines the pandemic's effects on children's mental health while considering the effects of parental care styles. The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study is a large-scale, longitudinal multicenter study in the United States. Of the 11,875 children aged 9-12 years in its database, 4702 subjects were selected for this study. The child behavior checklist and parental monitoring questionnaire (PMQ) were used to assess children's mental health and parental support styles, respectively. Data collected before and during the pandemic were compared. Withdrawn/depressed and attention problems significantly worsened during compared to before the COVID-19 pandemic (p < 0.001, withdrawn/depressed; 53.4 ± 5.7 to 53.7 ± 5.9, attention problems; 53.4 ± 5.4 to 53.6 ± 5.6). However, the T scores are in the normal range both before and during the crisis. Simple slope analysis found withdrawn/depressed problems and aggressive behavior worsened when the PMQ was 1 SD below the mean, and rule-breaking behavior was improved when the PMQ was 1 SD above the mean. While the COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated children's depressive symptoms and attention issues, the effects may be minor. Additionally, parental involvement serve as a protective factor for the child's mental health even during the pandemic.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Mental Health , Child , Adolescent , Humans , Pandemics , COVID-19/epidemiology , Longitudinal Studies , Parents/psychologyABSTRACT
[Correction Notice: An Erratum for this article was reported in Vol 22[324] of BMC Psychiatry (see record 2022-61376-001). Following the publication of the original article, the authors identified that the funding note was incorrect. The correct funding note should be. Funding: The present research was supported by JSPS KAKENHI (grant numbers:18K17313;19J00227), and the Daiwa Securities Health Foundation Ordinance 2nd Year Coronavirus Infectious Diseases (COVID-19) Research Grant "COVID-19 International Comparative Study on Mental Health of Infected Persons". The original article has been corrected.] Background: Due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, people have undermined their mental health. It has been reported that post-COVID conditions at a certain rate. However, information on the mental health of people with post-COVID conditions is limited. Thus, this study investigated the relationship between post-COVID conditions and mental health. Methods: Design of the present study was an International and collaborative cross-sectional study in Japan and Sweden from March 18 to June 15, 2021. The analyzed data included 763 adults who participated in online surveys in Japan and Sweden and submitted complete data. In addition to demographic data including terms related to COVID-19, psychiatric symptoms such as depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress were measured by using the fear of COVID-19 scale (FCV-19S), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), General Anxiety Disorder-7 item (GAD-7), and Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R). Results: Of the 135 COVID-19 survivors among the 763 total participants, 37.0% (n = 50/135) had COVID-19-related sequelae. First, the results of the Bonferroni-corrected Mann Whitney U test showed that the group infected SARS-CoV-2 with post-COVID conditions scored significantly higher than those without one and the non-infected group on all clinical symptom scales (P <= .05). Next, there was a significant difference that incidence rates of clinical-significant psychiatric symptoms among each group from the results of the Chi-squared test (P <= .001). Finally, the results of the multivariate logistic model revealed that the risk of having more severe clinical symptoms were 2.44-3.48 times higher among participants with post-COVID conditions. Conclusion: The results showed that approximately half had some physical symptoms after COVID-19 and that post-COVID conditions may lead to the onset of mental disorders.Trial registrationThe ethics committee of Chiba University approved this cross-sectional study (approval number: 4129). However, as no medical intervention was conducted, a clinical trial registration was not necessary. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)